Frederick III, Prince of Salm-Kyrburg (Frederick John Otto Francis Christian Philip; 1744–1794) was the prince of

Salm-Kyrburg Salm-Kyrburg was a state of the Holy Roman Empire located in present-day Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, one of the various partitions of Salm. It was twice created: the first time as a Wild- and Rhinegraviate (partitioned from Upper Salm), and s ...

, Hornes and

Overijse Overijse () is a municipality in the province of Flemish Brabant, in Flanders, Belgium. It is a suburb of the wider Brussels metropolitan area. The municipality comprises the town of Overijse, and the communities of Eizer, Maleizen, Jezus-Eik, T ...

Gemen Gemen was an immediate, sovereign lordship of the Holy Roman Empire, in the Lower Rhine region. Since Gemen had a vote in the Imperial Diet it was also an Imperial Estate. It was centered on Gemen, a small town and castle in the present municipal ...

and Count of

Solre-le-Château Solre-le-Château () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. The river Solre flows through the commune. Heraldry See also *Communes of the Nord department The following is a list of the 648 communes of the Nord department o ...

. He was the eldest son of

Philip Joseph, Prince of Salm-Kyrburg Philip Joseph, Prince of Salm-Kyrburg (1709–1779) was the first prince of Salm-Kyrburg, from 1743 to 1779. Life and reign He was the second son of Hendrik Gabriel Joseph of Salm-Kyrburg, regent of Salm-Kyrburg from 1696 to 1716, and his wife Pr ...

and Princess Maria Theresa of Hornes, and he grew up at the French court. Through his mother, the eldest daughter of

Maximilian, Prince of Hornes Maximilian Emanuel, 3rd Prince of Hornes, Count of Baucignies and of Solre-le-Château (31 August 1695, Brussels – 12 January 1763, Brussels), was a nobleman and Grand Huntsman of Brabant. His father was Philippe Emanuel, 2nd Prince of Hornes, ...

, he inherited all the possessions of the Hornes family. He held the title from 1779 to 1794.

Dutch Patriots

There is a grave error here! The acts of Johann Friedrich Rheingraf von Salm (Grumbach, 1743-1819) are described, who was a distant relative of Friedrich III zu Salm-Kyrburg and who commanded a main Patriot contingent in Utrecht in 1787 - The article on Friedrich III in this chapter is completely incorrect, probably due to lack of research. Frederick played an important role as a military leader of the

Dutch Republic The United Provinces of the Netherlands, also known as the (Seven) United Provinces, officially as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Dutch: ''Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden''), and commonly referred to in historiography ...

during the era of the Patriots as a negotiator with the Austrian emperor

Joseph II Joseph II (German: Josef Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; English: ''Joseph Benedict Anthony Michael Adam''; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from August 1765 and sole ruler of the Habsburg lands from November 29, 1780 un ...

, to dismantle the Barrier treaties 1709-1715. As commander of the Legion of the Rhine (Legioen van de Rijngraaf van Salm), formed by Count of Salm during the

Kettle War The Kettle War ( nl, Keteloorlog Marmietenoorlog) was a military confrontation between the troops of the Holy Roman Empire and the Republic of the Seven Netherlands on 8 October 1784. It was named the Kettle War because the only shot fired hit ...

in 1784, his troops were responsible for the defense of the republic. The troops included eight companies of Cavalry (

Hussars A hussar ( , ; hu, huszár, pl, husarz, sh, husar / ) was a member of a class of light cavalry, originating in Central Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. The title and distinctive dress of these horsemen were subsequently widely a ...

and

Cuirassiers Cuirassiers (; ) were cavalry equipped with a cuirass, sword, and pistols. Cuirassiers first appeared in mid-to-late 16th century Europe as a result of armoured cavalry, such as men-at-arms and demi-lancers, discarding their lances and adopti ...

), two companies of Jaegers, and six companies of Foot, including sharpshooters. In 1786, Holland employed him to maintain an army, but six months later dismissed his regiment to save money. In Amsterdam a fund was set up to support his troops so that Von Salm, eager to replace the Stadtholder, could remain. On May 12, 1787 Frederick led the army to

Utrecht Utrecht ( , , ) is the List of cities in the Netherlands by province, fourth-largest city and a List of municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality of the Netherlands, capital and most populous city of the Provinces of the Netherlands, pro ...

, to protect the Patriot occupation of the "democratic Eldorado". On the 28 June, he marched to

Woerden Woerden () is a city and a municipality in central Netherlands. Due to its central location between Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht, and the fact that it has rail and road connections to those cities, it is a popular town for commu ...

to capture princess Wilhelmina of Prussia, the wife of the Prince of Orange. Early September 1787, the Gelder Jaeger corps occupied Makkum on the initiative of

Court Lambertus van Beyma Coert or Court Lambertus van Beyma ( Harlingen, 5 February 1753 - Dronrijp, 7 September 1820), son of Julius Matthijs van Beyma and Fokel Helena van Burmania, was a public notary and auctioneer, delegate and representative of the Frisian States, a ...

. When

Frederick William II of Prussia Frederick William II (german: Friedrich Wilhelm II.; 25 September 1744 – 16 November 1797) was King of Prussia from 1786 until his death in 1797. He was in personal union the Prince-elector of Brandenburg and (via the Orange-Nassau inherita ...

invaded the Dutch Republic, Frederick left Utrecht three days later, without giving battle. His regiment retreated through Amsterdam to

Weesp Weesp () is a city, an urban area in the municipality of Amsterdam and a former municipality in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. It had a population of in . It lies on the river Vecht and next to the Amsterdam–Rhine Canal in an are ...

, and Frederick endured heavy criticism. There are different versions of what happened next. He may have remained hidden for a few months in the house of

Henry Hope Henry Hope (1735–1811) was an Amsterdam merchant banker born in Braintree, Massachusetts. He emigrated to the Netherlands to join the family business Hope & Co. at a young age. From 1779, Henry became the manager of Hope & Co. and he participa ...

. Possibly, he secretly left the city of Amsterdam within a week and stopped in

Jever Jever () is the capital of the district of Friesland in Lower Saxony, Germany. The name Jever is usually associated with a major brand of beer, Jever Pilsener, which is produced there. The city is also a popular holiday resort. Jever was granted c ...

, but as

East-Frisia East Frisia or East Friesland (german: Ostfriesland; ; stq, Aastfräislound) is a historic region in the northwest of Lower Saxony, Germany. It is primarily located on the western half of the East Frisian peninsula, to the east of West Frisia ...

was

Prussia Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an em ...

n, that is not very likely. He may have fled to his brother at

Grumbach Grumbach is an ''Ortsgemeinde'' – a Municipalities of Germany, municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Kusel (district), Kusel Districts of Germany, district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany ...

in the

Rhineland-Palatinate Rhineland-Palatinate ( , ; german: link=no, Rheinland-Pfalz ; lb, Rheinland-Pfalz ; pfl, Rhoilond-Palz) is a western state of Germany. It covers and has about 4.05 million residents. It is the ninth largest and sixth most populous of the ...

In the summer of 1788, one of the leading patriots

Pieter Paulus Pieter Paulus (9 April 1753 – 17 March 1796) was a Dutch jurist, fiscal (prosecutor) of the Admiralty of the Maze and politician. He was one of the ideologues of the Dutch Patriot movement and is considered by many Dutch as the founder of their ...

refused to admit him on a visit to Paris. Vles, E.J. (2004) Pieter Paulus (1753–1796) Patriot en Staatsman, p. 84. In 1791, Quint Ondaatje, his personal assistant, wrote him an apology. In 1794, he was

guillotine A guillotine is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading. The device consists of a tall, upright frame with a weighted and angled blade suspended at the top. The condemned person is secured with stocks at t ...

d together with

Alexandre de Beauharnais Alexandre may refer to: * Alexandre (given name) * Alexandre (surname) * Alexandre (film) See also * Alexander Alexander is a male given name. The most prominent bearer of the name is Alexander the Great, the king of the Ancient Greek kingdom o ...

, the lover of Amalie Zephyrine van Salm-Kyrburg, for their ties with the "

Ancien Régime ''Ancien'' may refer to * the French word for "ancient, old" ** Société des anciens textes français * the French for "former, senior" ** Virelai ancien ** Ancien Régime ** Ancien Régime in France ''Ancien'' may refer to * the French word for ...

Hôtel de Salm

Frederick commissioned the construction of the

Hôtel de Salm Salm may refer to People * Constance de Salm (1767–1845), poet and miscellaneous writer; through her second marriage, she became Princess of Salm-Dyck * Salm ibn Ziyad, an Umayyad governor of Khurasan and Sijistan * House of Salm, a Europea ...

in Paris, where

Madame de Stael Madame may refer to: * Madam, civility title or form of address for women, derived from the French * Madam (prostitution), a term for a woman who is engaged in the business of procuring prostitutes, usually the manager of a brothel * ''Madame'' ...

gave her soirees in 1797. From 1804, the

Légion d'honneur The National Order of the Legion of Honour (french: Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour ('), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil. Established in 1802 by Napoleon ...

resided in the building, but it was destroyed by fire in 1871. The structure was rebuilt and is now known as the

Palais de la Légion d'Honneur The Palais de la Légion d'honneur (French for "Palace of the Legion of Honour") is a historic building on the Left Bank of the River Seine in Paris, France. It houses the Musée de la Légion d'honneur ("Museum of the Legion of Honour") and is ...

wanted to copy the Hôtel de Salm in Haarlem, for his

Villa Welgelegen Villa Welgelegen is a historical building in Haarlem, the Netherlands, which currently houses the offices of the provincial executives of North Holland. Located at the north end of a public park in the city, it is an example of neoclassical ar ...

Marriage and issue

Frederick married in 1781 to Princess Johanna Francesca of

Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen ( en, Nothing without God) , national_anthem = , common_languages = German , religion = Roman Catholic , currency = , title_leader = Prince , leader1 ...

, daughter of

Karl Friedrich, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Karl Friedrich (9 January 1724 – 20 December 1785) was a member of the House of Hohenzollern and Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Lord of Haigerloch and Wehrstein from 1769 until his death. Born in Sigmaringen, he was the eldest son of Jo ...

. They had four children, of whom only one lived to adulthood: *Princess Philippine Friederike Wilhelmine (1783–1786) *Hereditary Prince Frederick Henry Otto (1785–1786) *Prince Frederick Emmanuel Otto Louis Philip Conrad (1786) *Prince Frederick IV Ernest Otto Philip Anton Furnibert (1789–1859), his father's successor

Ancestry

References

* ''This article is based entirely or partially on its equivalent on Dutch Wikipedia''.
Information on the formation of the Rijngraaf of Salm's legion
{{DEFAULTSORT:Frederick 03, Prince of Salm-Kyrburg Princes of Hornes People of the Patriottentijd People executed by guillotine during the French Revolution Executed German people 1744 births 1794 deaths Burials at Picpus Cemetery Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)